Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐Dihydroquinolines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylation

A series of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dihydroquinolines has been successfully prepared. The Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular N‐arylation of Z‐enamines, formally prepared by the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination, proceeded efficiently to furnish the cyclized products. Depending on the cyclization conditions, substituted 1,4‐dihydroquinolines and further isomerized 1,2‐dihydroquinolines were independently obtained in high yields with an excellent control of isomerization of the double bond.

     

Characterization of a Hybrid Cu Paste as an Isotropic Conductive Adhesive

As an isotropic conductive adhesive, that is, a hybrid Cu paste composed of Cu powder, solder powder, and a fluxing resin system, has been quantitatively characterized. The mechanism of an electrical connection based on a novel concept of electrical conduction is experimentally characterized using an analysis of a differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electron microscope energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The oxide on the metal surface is sufficiently removed with an increase in temperature, and intermetallic compounds between the Cu and melted solder are simultaneously generated, leading to an electrical connection. The reliability of the hybrid Cu paste is experimentally identified and compared with existing Ag paste. As an example of a practical application, the hybrid Cu paste is used for LED packaging, and its electrical and thermal performances are compared with the commercialized Ag paste. In the present research, it is proved that, except the optical function, the electrical and thermal performances are similar to pre‐existing Ag paste. The hybrid Cu paste could be used as an isotropic conductive adhesive due to its low production cost.     

Fine‐Grained FSMD Power Gating Considering Power Overhead

As a fine‐grained power gating method for achieving greater power savings, our approach takes advantage of the finite state machine with a datapath (FSMD) characteristic which shows sequential idleness among subcircuits. In an FSMD‐based power gating, while only an active subcircuit is expected to be turned on, more subcircuits should be activated due to the power overhead. To reduce the number of missed opportunities for power savings, we deactivated some of the turned‐on subcircuits by slowing the FSMD down and predicting its behavior. Our microprocessor experiments showed that the power savings are close to the upper bound.     

Sub‐Nanometer Level Size Tuning of a Monodisperse Nanoparticle Array Via Block Copolymer Lithography

The fabrication and catalytic application of a size‐tunable monodisperse nanoparticle array enabled by block copolymer lithography is demonstrated. Highly uniform vertical cylinder nanodomains are achieved in poly(styrene‐block‐4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) diblock copolymer thin‐films by solvent annealing. The prominent diffusion of the anionic metal complexes into the protonated P4VP cylinder nanodomains occurs through specific electrostatic interactions in a weakly acidic aqueous solution. This well‐defined diffusion with nanoscale confinement enables preparation of the laterally ordered monodisperse nanoparticle array with sub‐nanometer level precise size tuning. The controlled growth of monodisperse nanoparticle arrays is proven by their catalytic use for vertical carbon nanotube (CNT) growth via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Since the size of the catalyst particles is the decisive parameter for the diameters and wall‐numbers of CNTs, the highly selective growth of double‐walled or triple‐walled CNTs could be accomplished using monodisperse nanoparticle arrays.     

Design and manufacture of a toroidal-type SMES for combination with real-time digital simulator (RTDS)

The authors designed and manufactured a toroidal-type superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The toroidal-type SMES was designed using a 3D CAD program. The toroidal-type magnet consists of 30 double pancake coils (DPCs). The single pancake coils (SPCs), which constitute the double pancake coils, are arranged at an angle of 6° from each other, based on the central axis of the toroidal-type magnet. The cooling method used for the toroidal-type SMES is the conduction cooling type. When the cooling method for the toroidal-type SMES was designed, the two-stage Gifford–McMahon (GM) refrigerator was considered. The Bi-2223 HTS wire, which was made by soldering brass on both sides of the superconductor, is used for the magnet winding. Finally, the authors connected the toroidal-type SMES to a real-time digital simulator (RSCAD/RTDS) to simulate voltage sag compensation in a power utility.     

One-pot fabrication of hollow SiO2 nanowires via an electrospinning technique

Hollow SiO₂ nanowires (NWs) were one-pot fabricated via an electrospinning method. Their morphologies, structures, and chemical compositions were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to fabricate optimum hollow SiO₂ NWs, the relative volume ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, an alkoxide precursor) to ethanol (solvent) was systematically controlled from 0.02 to 0.36. SEM, HRTEM, XRD, and XPS results indicate that amorphous SiO₂ hollow NWs can be one-pot synthesized by using the volume ratio of 0.18 under a constant voltage of 8.0 kV.     

Intact hip and knee joint moment in coronal plane with unilateral transfemoral amputee

The incidence of osteoarthritis for lower limb amputees, especially unilateral transfemoral amputees, was higher than that of transtibial amputees. Considering level of amputation and bilateral load asymmetry, we could assumed that joint moments in the coronal plane during gait were highly related to the risk of osteoarthritis. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hip and knee adduction moments in the coronal plane in persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation during walking through gait analysis. The subjects were 12 unilateral transfemoral amputees and 21 healthy persons. Three-dimensional motion analysis was measured bilaterally from 33 persons during walking to calculate temporal-spatial parameters and joint moments. The analysis compared the prosthetic side and the intact side of the amputee group and then analyzed the moment between both the intact sides of the transfemoral amputee group and the healthy persons. The results showed that the intact knee adduction moment of amputees increased by 32% compared to the prosthetic side and more than twice compared to the control group at terminal stance. But the bilateral hip adduction moment was decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05). Therefore it is expected that the higher knee adduction moment on the intact side may cause secondary complication to unilateral transfemoral amputees, but it is difficult to make connection with hip osteoarthritis.     

Radiolytic synthesis of ?OH group functionalized fullerene structures and their biosensor application

In this study, radiolytic functionalization of fullerene in methanol/1,2‐dichlorobenzene mixtures and its applications with respect to biosensor support materials were studied. To obtain supports for biosensors for electron transfer, fullerene was functionalized by γ‐irradiation in a methanol/1,2‐dichlorobenzene mixture solution. The hydroxyl group‐modified fullerene, F‐fullerene, was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. As a result, the main hydroxyl group was successfully introduced on the surface of fullerene. F‐fullerene was found to disperse well in water by ultrasonication. The results indicated that F‐fullerene is a good candidate for use in biological systems as a biosensor support material. A biosensor based on F‐fullerene was prepared by hand‐casting the mixture of tyrosinase, F‐fullerene, and 2% chitosan solution on an ITO electrode. Furthermore, the prepared biosensor was optimized pH and temperature. The prepared biosensor was then evaluated for its ability to analyze phenolic compounds contained in commercial red wines. The total phenolic concentration was determined to be in the range of 397–895 mg/L. From these results, the electron transfer ability of F‐fullerene was improved on an enzyme biosensor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011